Weight loss,
even just 5-7% of bodyweight has been shown to substantially improve heart
health risk factors including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, sleep
apnea, and insulin resistance/elevated blood sugar. But, weight loss is notoriously hard to
maintain. A recent study of participants
from a season on the “Biggest Loser” presented some disheartening
findings. The report found that six
years after dropping an average of 129 lbs., participants had regained 70% of
lost weight and their bodies were burning about 500 fewer calories a day than
other people their age and size. This
report underscores just how difficult it is to maintain weight loss. Still, many people do achieve significant
weight loss and manage to keep it off. The
National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) is a database of more than 10,000
persons who have lost more than 30 lbs. and have kept it off for more than 1
year. Investigations of these
individuals reveal that maintaining weight loss is an active process requiring
just as much focus as weight loss. Let’s
identify the actions that are essential to keeping weight off.
Alter your mind-set
The key to maintenance
is to accept that the changes made in one’s lifestyle during weight loss must
be kept up during maintenance. Choosing
healthier foods, taking home half your restaurant meal, lacing up your sneakers
for a walk – it is all about making and repeatedly practicing healthier
behaviors until they become your new way of living. It is also important to have a relapse
prevention plan and implement it when your weight starts to creep up. Slip-ups are a normal part of life but
preventing slides and getting back on track is essential for effective weight
loss maintenance. Proactively coping with
setbacks appears to be another strength of NWCR participants
Tweak rather than overhaul what you eat
When losing and
subsequently maintaining weight loss, follow a plan that is not radically
different from your “normal” patterns but just different enough that it
supports effective weight management. For
example, while people on average lose weight more quickly on very low carb
diets such as Atkins, these intake patterns are rarely adopted long-term. When the diet is abandoned, the carbs come
back in and so does the weight. Instead
of eliminating carbohydrates, moderate them.
In general, choose a weight loss plan that incorporates a variety of
whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, lean
sources of protein, and healthy fats. Apply the 80/20 concept. Eat healthfully and
calorie-consciously 80% of the time and allow for planned splurges.
Control calorie intake
Obesity experts
estimate that the metabolic adaptation, or handicap, from weight loss is
roughly about 15 calories for every percentage of body weight lost. For
example, if a 250 lb. person lost 50 lbs. (20% of their original weight) than
they would need to take in approximately 300 less calories than someone who
always weighed 200 lbs. To compensate
for the lower calorie needs, you can eat that number fewer in calories, burn
the calories through exercise or do a combination of the two. It is not known if the metabolism of persons
who have lost weight adjusts over time.
In the case of the “Biggest Losers” it appears that the metabolic
handicap of weight loss persisted 6 years after the initial loss. Also, as we lose weight, there is simply
less of us so we require fewer calories.
Therefore, after having lost weight we must consume substantially fewer
calories than we needed for maintenance before losing weight.
How do we
effectively control calories? Our
environment is teaming with food cues and highly palatable high fat high sugar
food choices. A large percentage of the
weight loss maintainers from NWCR record their intake daily. Journaling is a way to self-monitor intake
and stay accountable to yourself about your choices. Eating similar foods day-to-day is another
common behavior of NWCR’ers. When there
is less variation in the diet it is easier for to gauge an appropriate amount
of intake and control portions. Less
variety also likely spurs less unplanned eating.
Exercise, exercise, exercise!
While exercise
is often not essential to lose weight, it appears that it is critical to keep off
lost pounds. Therefore, it is essential to integrate physical activity into
your lifestyle. 90% of NCWR participants
get an average of one-hour of cardiovascular activity in six times per week. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans advises
weight loss maintainers get 60-90 minutes of moderate activity most days. This is twice the general activity recommendation
for adults.
It is also
important to incorporate resistance training using weights or bands 2-3 times
per week. During weight loss, resistance
activity helps to blunt muscle loss associated with weight loss. Building muscle while in maintenance also
helps to combat the metabolic slowdown associated with having lost weight.
Watch out for TV
Sit less in
front of a screen or TV. Over two-thirds
of NCWR participants watch less than 10 hours of television per week. The average 35-49 year old American watches
three times this much! Monitor you
leisure screen-time and rein it in.
Weigh yourself often
Over
three-fourths of NWCR participants weigh themselves at least once per week. Weighing yourself allows you to know when you
are gaining weight and need to reevaluate your intake and lifestyle. If you notice the weight creeping up, implement
a relapse prevention plan. For example,
you might re-start measuring your portions and recording intake in a food
journal.
Create a healthy environment
Make the places
where you spend big chunks of time — your home, workplace, where you socialize
— supportive of your healthier weight and lifestyle. Join an exercise group. Make activity part of your commute. Use small plateware, utensils, and containers
for your foods. Engage family members in
creating a healthy household eating environment and keep trigger foods out of
the house. Maintain a healthy respect
for your own needs that allows you to prioritize the behaviors that help you be
well. The more weight-maintaining
behaviors get incorporated into the backbone of your daily life the more likely
you are to beat the odds and keep that lost weight off.
Sources:
Fothergill E, Guo J, Howard L, Kerns JC, Knuth ND,
Brychta R, Chen KY, Skarulis MC, Walter M., Walter PJ, & Hall KD.
Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity, published online May 2, 2016
ahead of print. DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.1002/oby.21538
Kushner, RF & Bessesen DH. Lessons Learned From the National Weight
Control Registry. Part 2 of Treatment of the Obese Patient. 2007, pp
395-403. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-400-1_21. Print ISBN:
978-1-58829-735-8. Online
ISBN: 978-1-59745-400-1.
Magkos F, Fraterrigo G, Yoshino J, Luecking C,
Kirbach K, Kelly SC, de las Fuentes L, He S, Okunade AL, Patterson BW Klein S.
Effects of moderate and subsequent progressive weight loss on metabolic
function and adipose tissue biology in humans with obesity. Cell Metabolism, published online Feb.
22, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.005
Raphaelidis, Leia.
Maintaining weight loss: Lessons from the National Weight Control
Registry. Journal for Nurse Practitioners.
2016 (April) Volume 12, Issue
4, pp 286 – 287. DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/j.nurpra.2016.01.009
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